{"id":10854,"date":"2017-08-07T12:12:12","date_gmt":"2017-08-07T10:12:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nashira-hm.it\/guida-al-metallo-duro\/"},"modified":"2021-01-29T10:04:25","modified_gmt":"2021-01-29T09:04:25","slug":"hard-metal-guide","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nashira-hm.it\/en\/hard-metal-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Hard metal guide"},"content":{"rendered":"

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What is hard metal<\/h2>\n

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In this guide to\u00a0Hard Metal<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(also known as Widia, Cemented Carbide or Tungsten Carbide) we define it as a material used in\u00a0mechanical processing<\/a>\u00a0that consists of\u00a0hard particles of Tungsten Carbide<\/strong>\u00a0embedded in a metal matrix (often cobalt).<\/p>\n

Hard metal is produced thanks to the\u00a0sintering<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0process\u00a0;\u00a0in other words, the fine powders of the components are mixed, pressed and then heated while maintaining a high pressure so that the granules of the powders unite to form a single piece.\u00a0This means that hard metals are not actual metals, but carbides (80-95%) bound by a metal.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0tungsten carbide<\/strong>\u00a0cemented is the\u00a0preferred material<\/strong>\u00a0for all those parts that must withstand arduous any action such as\u00a0\u00a0abrasion<\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0erosion<\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0corrosion<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0metal seizure<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0For this reason, a hard metal guide is essential to guide technicians and designers.<\/p>\n

In addition to a\u00a0high pressure force, resistance to deformation<\/strong>\u00a0at high temperatures.\u00a0These are physical characteristics that are particularly useful in metal cutting applications.\u00a0It allows a long life to tools<\/strong>\u00a0which, if made with other materials, would be worn prematurely.<\/p>\n

Go to the glossary<\/a><\/p>\n

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History<\/h2>\n

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In the late 1800s, French chemist and 1906 Nobel laureate in chemistry Henri Moissan made an\u00a0interesting\u00a0discovery<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

The chemist discovered that by mixing the tungsten powders with the carbon ones, a new compound was formed.\u00a0A compound which, when heated at high temperature in an oven to its design electric arc, formed a\u00a0material<\/strong>\u00a0very\u00a0hard<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0resistant<\/strong>\u00a0to wear.<\/p>\n

However, it was too brittle a material to be used in the typical applications of today’s hard metals.\u00a0This problem was analyzed and solved by Karl Schroter in 1914. Schroter was working at the time at the Osram firm in Germany as a researcher.<\/p>\n

His research was very specific and concerned the possibility of finding new materials for drawing the filaments of electric bulbs.\u00a0The wire inside the bulb was made of a steel die which, over time, widened as the matrix of the wire gauge was worn.<\/p>\n

In other words, at the beginning of the processing period the drawing was smaller, becoming bigger and bigger during the processing.\u00a0Schroter was commissioned to find a stronger material than steel in order to draw the tungsten wire.<\/p>\n

The chemist made several attempts.<\/h3>\n

In this research he found the solution by mixing tungsten and\u00a0cobalt<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0: an intuition that led him to a new material.\u00a0He discovered that it was possible to mix tungsten carbide powders with a metal binder such as nickel or cobalt and, then, the mixture could be sintered at a temperature of about 1500 \u00b0 C.\u00a0In this way a low porosity product was obtained, with a very high hardness and good toughness.<\/p>\n

Here is how this chemist came to discover a new alloy starting from a practical problem related to the production of light bulbs.\u00a0This material was introduced for the first time, as a cutting tool, by Krupp (German steel industry) in 1927, with the registered name ”\u00a0Widia<\/strong>\u00a0” (wie Diamant – like diamond).<\/p>\n

However, its commercial history is more complex.<\/strong><\/h3>\n

In Germany, Friedrich Krupp bought the original patent and embarked on a Widia production program which consisted mainly of tungsten carbide particles intersected with a cobalt matrix consisting of 5 to 15% of the total composition.<\/p>\n

Following tight negotiations with Krupp, all rights later passed to the Americans of General Electric, while Krupp retained the right to export cemented carbide to the United States.\u00a0General Electric formed the Carboloy Company, which opened the Firth-Sterling Steel Company and Ludlum Steel Company subsidiaries.\u00a0At that time in America cemented carbide was known under the terms Carboloy, Dimondite, and Strass Metal.<\/p>\n

Although the first production tests were done in the Essen laboratories in 1922, it was only in 1926 that Krupp began trading\u00a0Widia<\/a>\u00a0in Germany.<\/p>\n

Was it an expensive material?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

In the 1920s and 1930s, cemented carbide was very\u00a0expensive<\/strong>\u00a0, costing more than 450 euros per ounce.\u00a0However, even at that price its use could be economically justified.<\/p>\n

Moreover, the custom of making only the tip of the cemented carbide instruments derives precisely from economic considerations.\u00a0In any case, the Widia instruments were tested in the General Electric plants and imposed themselves on public opinion in 1928.<\/p>\n

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Technical Features<\/h2>\n

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Hard metal has\u00a0truly\u00a0unique\u00a0<\/strong>characteristics<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0In these pages we will deepen this topic from a purely technical point of view.<\/p>\n

Hardness<\/strong><\/h3>\n

First of all, the “hardness” of Widia must certainly be indicated.\u00a0This is the physical property considered most important for practical applications.\u00a0Although, as we shall see, it is not the only reason that has determined its business success, its\u00a0resistance to abrasion<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0is extraordinary.<\/p>\n

Hardness is calculated using the indentation of a specimen pierced with an ASTM standard B-294 penetration diamond.\u00a0The hardness values \u200b\u200bof Widia are expressed in terms of Rockwell “A” or Vickers values.\u00a0In nature, the only material harder than this type of metal is diamond: only diamond is able to scratch the carbonate carbide.\u00a0Silver and gold, in comparison, are much softer metals.<\/p>\n

Density<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Another distinguishing feature is its density.\u00a0This property is calculated with the\u00a0ASTM B311<\/strong>\u00a0standard\u00a0.\u00a0The density of cemented carbide varies according to its composition being a composite alloy and, therefore, its constituent gradients have single variable densities.<\/p>\n

By combining these materials in different proportions it is possible to create a variation in the density of the resulting matter.\u00a0A density of\u00a014.5 g \/ cc<\/strong>\u00a0is typical for a 10% cobalt blend.\u00a0This value has twice the density of wrought iron 1040: an element to be kept in mind especially when weight is an important factor in a practical application.<\/p>\n

Resistance to transversal breakage<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The\u00a0mechanical strength of cemented carbide<\/strong>\u00a0is typically determined by the\u00a0transverse breaking strength method<\/strong>\u00a0rather than a tensile test as is commonly done for steel.<\/p>\n

This methodology is used because brittle materials are very sensitive to tensile test misalignment and surface defects, which could cause a stress concentration and lead to incorrect test results. The transverse breaking force is determined by placing a standard sample (for\u00a0ASTM B-406, ISO 3327<\/strong>\u00a0) between two supports and loading it to the breaking point. The value obtained is called the transverse breaking force or cohesion force and is measured in relation to the weight that caused it to break.<\/p>\n

This test detects the load on the single area of \u200b\u200bthe unit and is expressed in psi or N \/ mm2.\u00a0Given that the cemented carbide has a range of fracture values \u200b\u200bdifferentiated by the existence of micro-voids, characteristic of all friable materials, this test is carried out by carrying out several tests: the resulting reference value is evaluated on the average of all tests observed.<\/p>\n

The values \u200b\u200bfor the transverse breaking force that appear in the property charts provided by the manufacturers reflect the mechanical force operated only for a specific area.\u00a0Erroneously, many engineers – even those working in the metal industry – take this value as a model strength value.<\/p>\n

This data is then used to evaluate to what degree the alloy should work in a particular application, expecting a direct correspondence with this value.\u00a0In reality, these results decrease as the size of the area in question decreases: the value of the strength of the model should be calculated in relation to its actual size.<\/p>\n

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Another factor affecting the mechanical properties of cemented carbide, in particular the transverse breaking force, is its\u00a0granular size<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0The more the size of the granulate increases, the more the transverse breaking force and the wear resistance decrease.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Compressive force<\/strong><\/h3>\n

This is another of the most important attributes of cemented carbide.\u00a0Ductile materials under compression simply swell or expand without fracture, but a brittle material does not withstand this type of test for the occurrence of shear fractures more than for true compression.<\/p>\n

Cemented carbide exhibits a\u00a0high level of compressive strength<\/strong>\u00a0when compared to most other materials and the value increases with decreasing compound content and granulate size.\u00a0Regarding the size of the granulate and the content of the compound, values \u200b\u200bbetween\u00a0\u00a0400K-900K psi<\/strong>\u00a0(7kN \/ mm2) are typical for cemented carbide.<\/p>\n

Force of impact<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Cemented carbide\u00a0exhibits<\/strong>\u00a0surprising\u00a0impact strength<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, especially at high temperatures as it contains\u00a025%<\/strong>\u00a0binder cobalt with a coarse granular structure.\u00a0Transverse failure is often misused as a measure of impact strength when, in fact, fracture strength is a better indicator of the cemented carbide’s ability to withstand any mechanical shock or impact.\u00a0The fracture strength varies according to the size of the granulate and the binder contained.<\/p>\n

Fatigue resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n

When a material is subjected to repeated cycles of fluctuation, various damage can occur.\u00a0These problems can occur, even if the material experiences less stress than would have been caused if the\u00a0load\u00a0stress<\/a>\u00a0had been constant.<\/p>\n

The fatigue-related properties are evaluated by subjecting some sample samples to a stress cycle and the numbers of cycles that take place until damage are calculated.\u00a0Several large companies have conducted this type of cemented carbide tests and have written their reports on it.<\/p>\n

Swedish company Sandivik, for example, has verified that\u00a0the fatigue strength of cemented carbide in a load compression can result in between 65% and 85% of the compressive force at 2 x 106 cycles.\u00a0<\/strong>The fatigue strength increases as the size of the tungsten carbide granulate decreases and the binder content decreases.<\/p>\n

Corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The\u00a0tungsten<\/strong>\u00a0carbide\u00a0particles<\/strong>\u00a0are resistant to the most corrosive substances.\u00a0It is a binding material which\u00a0is subject to leaching<\/strong>\u00a0in the presence of a strong acid or alkaline solution.\u00a0The bonding material will leach off the hard metal surface, leaving a skeletal, unsupported structure.<\/p>\n

The carbide particles will be scraped off rather quickly, exposing a new surface area that can be attacked.\u00a0When the binder is low, the carbide skeleton is denser<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A low binder grade shows a slightly higher combination of wear and corrosion resistance than those with a higher binder content.<\/p>\n

These particles are also hard to crumble or weld and are used in specific applications where corrosion and wear resistance are an indispensable necessity while resistance to mechanical strength and thermal shock are so important.<\/p>\n

Thermal properties<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Carbide shows a\u00a0very low Linear Expansion Coefficient<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0About half that of steel.\u00a0A degree of hard metal with l ‘8% cobalt indicatively has a linear expansion coefficient of\u00a05 * 10-6 \/ \u00b0 C<\/strong>\u00a0in a temperature range from\u00a020<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0400 \u00b0 C<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Thermal conductivity is approximately twice that of unalloyed steel and one third of that of copper.\u00a0The specific heat capacity of a generic grade of hard metal is about\u00a0150-350 J \/ (Kg * \u00b0 C)<\/strong>\u00a0, that is, about half of that of an unalloyed steel.<\/p>\n

Electrical and magnetic properties<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Carbide has a\u00a0low electrical resistivity<\/strong>\u00a0and a typical is 20 \u00b5Ocm.\u00a0As a consequence of the low resistivity, hard metal is a good conductor, having a conductivity value that is about 10% less than copper.\u00a0Due to the cobalt or nickel content, the hard metal also exhibits ferromagnetic properties at room temperature.<\/p>\n

Therefore the Curie temperature is included in the range between\u00a0950 and 1050 \u00b0 C<\/strong>\u00a0, it depends on the composition of the grade.<\/p>\n

Magnetic Permeability<\/strong><\/h4>\n

it is very low and is a function of the cobalt content.\u00a0It increases with the cobalt content.\u00a0A typical value is in the range of 2 to 12 when the vacuum value is equal to 1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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The Degrees And Applications<\/h2>\n

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Download degrees and applications <\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_id=”metalloduro”][vc_column][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeIn”] In this guide to\u00a0Hard Metal\u00a0(also known as Widia, Cemented Carbide or Tungsten Carbide) we define it as a material used in\u00a0mechanical processing\u00a0that consists of\u00a0hard particles of Tungsten Carbide\u00a0embedded in a metal matrix (often cobalt). Hard metal is produced thanks to the\u00a0sintering\u00a0process\u00a0;\u00a0in other words, the fine powders of the components are […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3306,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"\nHard metal guide - Propriet\u00e0 e Caratteristiche fisiche\/chimiche<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Guida sistetica al metallo duro. cos'\u00e8 a cosa serve, come si produce e le principali applicazioni. caratteristiche e propriet\u00e0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nashira-hm.it\/en\/hard-metal-guide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hard metal guide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Guida sistetica al metallo duro. cos'\u00e8 a cosa serve, come si produce e le principali applicazioni. caratteristiche e propriet\u00e0\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nashira-hm.it\/en\/hard-metal-guide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nashira Hardmetals srl\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NashiraHardmetals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-01-29T09:04:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nashira-hm.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/henri-moissan.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"335\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"375\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nashira-hm.it\/en\/hard-metal-guide\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.nashira-hm.it\/en\/hard-metal-guide\/\",\"name\":\"Hard metal guide - 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